¿Es España realmente “diferente”? Las consecuencias de la crisis.

Muchas gracias por invitarme a este ciclo de conferencias. Siempre es un placer salir de Madrid donde vivo desde 1986 y antes de esto entre 1974 y 1978 cubriendo la transición para The Times de Londres. Como se ve no pude resistir la tentación de regresar a España en forma permanente, siguiendo la tradición de los llamados curiosos impertinentes. También habrán notado que a pesar de tantos años en este país no he podido quitar mi acento que suena a la BBC, ni mi aspecto de vikingo. Yo empecé a aprender español con 23 años y en la calle, no con clases, algo que ahora lamento.

Todos de una cierta edad recordamos el frase turística “Spain is different”/España es diferente de los años 60, que se sigue usando hasta la saciedad cuando se habla en términos muy simplistas de la imagen de España en el exterior (la realidad actual se percibe a través de estereotipos de siempre: los toros, las siestas y las fiestas). Yo voy a intentar aplicarlo a la España de hoy y su crisis. ¿Diferente de que? Aunque soy de la Pérfida Albión (donde aún hablamos de Sir Francis Drake y no, como aquí, del “pirata Drake”), mi punto de comparación no sería Gran Bretaña, lo que tal vez es injusto para España porque es el país de la democracia más antigua. Hago comparaciones con varios países.

Empiezo con la economía. Lo que más me llama la atención y mucho es el auge del desempleo en España. El producto interno español bajó entre 2007, el último año de las vacas gordas, y 2013, el 5,9%, por debajo de la contracción de 8,5% en la economía de Italia (mejor país para comparar que el mío dado las similitudes). Pero mientras que la tasa de desempleo italiana duplicó hasta alcanzar el 12,2%, la española más que triplicó hasta llegar al 26%. Incluso la tasa de desempleo en España del 8% en 2007, la más baja para varias décadas, era muy alta para países como Alemania, Francia y el Reino Unido.

En mi opinión, el incremento en el desempleo en España se debe más a su desequilibrado modelo económico, excesivamente basado en el ladrillo, que a cualquier otro factor, como, por ejemplo, las rígidas leyes del mercado de trabajo.

Esta febril carrera por construir tantas casas empezó con la Ley de Suelo del Partido Popular en 1998, que en vez de bajar los precios del suelo tuvo el efecto contrario. No olvidemos que el número de viviendas iniciadas en España en 2006 fue más alto que Alemania, Francia e Italia conjuntamente. Este modelo productivo, que fue el motor de una década de crecimiento alto pero ilusorio, ha sido una maldición para España, contaminando los fundamentos macroeconómicos, poniendo en peligro el sistema bancario, fomentando la corrupción, erosionando la confianza en la clase política y restando importancia a la educación.

La locura de la burbuja inmobiliaria (y algunos aeropuertos), alimentada por los bajos tipos de interés en la zona euro, era, para mí al menos, como el título de una novela de García Márquez, la crónica de una muerte anunciada, o tal vez para ser más justo La crónica de un fracaso anunciado. La única incógnita era cuándo iba a ocurrir.

Otra manera de ver la desproporcionada subida del desempleo en España es compararla con Alemania. España hoy, con un 11% del PIB de la zona euro y una población de 47 millones de habitantes, tiene 5,4 millones de parados, según la última encuesta trimestral de la población activa (EPA) publicado el mes pasado. Estos 5,4 millones representan alrededor de una tercera parte de todos los desempleados de la zona euro. Alemania, con 82 millones de habitantes y un 30% del PIB, tiene solo 2,9 millones de parados (un 15% del total de la zona euro).
Y, a diferencia de otros países, España tiene dos maneras de medir el desempleo. La otra es la cifra mensual del paro registrado. En octubre hubo 4,5 millones de parados registrados en las oficinas del Ministerio de Empleo – casi un millón menos que la cifra de la EPA. ¿Cuál es la cifra que refleja más la realidad?
Con frecuencia circula dentro y fuera de España, la idea de que más de la mitad de los jóvenes españoles (de entre 16 y 24 años) está en paro, un “dato” que vendría a ahondar la imagen de crisis profunda del país. Sin embargo, la realidad es que el 24% de los jóvenes de entre 16 y 24 años está en paro, más o menos en línea con la cifra total para España.
¿De dónde procede entonces el dato del más de 50%? De Eurostat, la agencia estadística europea, que utiliza dos medidas del paro juvenil: una está calculada sobre todos los jóvenes de esas edades (se denomina “ratio” de desempleo y da como resultado ese 24%) y la otra se calcula sobre los jóvenes que forman parte de la población activa, es decir, que están ocupados o buscando trabajo. Con esta segunda fórmula (“tasa” de desempleo), el paro juvenil español es efectivamente del 56%. Esta fórmula tiene sentido entre los adultos, especialmente los hombres, de los que se espera que prácticamente todos trabajen o busquen trabajo hasta la edad de la jubilación. Pero aplicarlo a una edad en que la mayoría de los individuos está todavía formándose altera su sentido, aunque proporcione información. El problema es que Eurostat sólo difunde este segundo dato y no el primero. En cualquier caso, se tome la ratio o se tome la tasa, el resultado que es que España es el país europeo con mayor desempleo juvenil ( o de los más).

Igualmente preocupante es la alta tasa de desempleo entre la población con edades entre 55 y 64 años. Con una cifra de desempleo del 20% entre la población activa mayor, España casi cuadruplica la media de la OCDE. Además, el aumento ha sido muy acusado en España, ya que en 2008 la tasa todavía estaba en un 7,4%.

Con respecto al desequilibrado modelo económico, el enorme peso del sector de la construcción en España se ve por la pérdida de más de 1,7 millones de puestos de trabajo en este sector entre 2007 y este año en comparación con unos 300.000 en servicios, unos 200.000 en agricultura y 900.000 en industria.

Este modelo productivo generó millones de puestos de trabajo, en su mayoría temporales, cuando la economía iba viento en popa, y los destruyó de manera igual de masiva cuando pinchó la burbuja inmobiliaria. Es más, el crecimiento actuó como un imán para los inmigrantes, sin los cuales no habrían podido construirse tantas casas. En cinco años, entre 2002 y 2007, el número de puestos de trabajo aumentó en España en 4,1 millones, mucho más que cualquier otro país europeo, incluyendo Alemania, y solo 1,2 millones menos que el incremento entre 1986 y 2002. De los 3,7 millones de puestos de trabajo que se han destruido desde 2007, 1,7 pertenecían a la construcción.
Las reformas del mercado laboral han reducido los costes del despido y han concedido ventaja a las empresas, dependiendo de su salud económica, en los convenios de negociación colectiva. Pero no están teniendo mucho impacto en la creación de empleo, y no sorprende.
El número de personas con contratos temporales en el tercer trimestre aumentó en 122.4000, mientras que los con contratos indefinidos disminuyeron en 26.700. La tasa de temporalidad ha bajado por tanta destrucción de puestos de trabajo en los últimos seis años – los con contratos temporales suelen ser los primeros en perder su trabajo por ser los más baratos – pero aún está en casi 25% (33% en 2007).
Gracias a Dios que existe un sector de turismo floreciente, el motor del sector de servicios. La gran mayoría de los 108.000 puestos de trabajo creados en el tercer trimestre fueron en este sector, pero no son puestos permanentes y sostenidos. El 77% del empleo total en España está en el sector de servicios, casi 10 puntos más que en 2007, el mayor incremento en los 28 países de la Unión Europea, y en comparación con la media europea de 72%.
Incluso con leyes laborales tan flexibles como las de Estados Unidos, yo no creo que la tasa del desempleo bajaría mucho en España. De los 5,4 millones de desempleados, 3,4 millones llevan más de dos años en el paro. Muchos perdieron sus trabajos en el sector de la construcción, y son personas de baja calificación, particularmente los que dejaron de estudiar a los 16 años, y tienen pocas posibilidades de incorporarse al mercado laboral otra vez si no se reciclan. Fijénse que en septiembre hubo 185.000 solicitudes para 716 puestos en un nuevo hospital en Madrid.
En resumen, el problema del desempleo, a diferencia de los otros países grandes de la Unión Europea, reside en el modelo productivo y no en más y más flexibilización del mercado laboral. Hubo una falta absoluta, en toda la miope clase política, de una visión a largo plazo de cómo se iba a reemplazar el sector inmobiliario cuando éste se hundiera. Como dijo el gran escritor británico George Orwell, “Ver lo que está delante de nuestros ojos requiere un esfuerzo constante”.

Teniendo en cuenta que es poco probable que los sectores inmobiliario y de la construcción se recuperen en una década, además de las enormes reducciones de plantilla en las administraciones públicas para bajar el déficit presupuestario, y que el decaído consumo nacional no anima a crear nuevas empresas, las perspectivas del empleo seguirán siendo sombrías. ¿Cuánto tiempo seguirán mostrándose tan resistentes los españoles?
Dado el estado del sistema educativo, será muy difícil y tarda décadas en cambiar el modelo productivo. En España, una de cada cuatro personas entre los 18 y los 24 años ha abandonado los estudios prematuramente, el doble de la media de la Unión Europea, aunque la cifra se ha reducido desde su máximo de un tercio durante la expansión económica, cuando los estudiantes dejaban de estudiar a los 16 años y acudían en tropel a trabajar en el sector de la construcción. Igualmente preocupante es que una cuarta parte de los jóvenes en edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 29 años no están recibiendo ni educación, ni formación ni empleo, los llamados Ninis.
Los resultados en las pruebas PISA de la OCDE en lectura, matemáticas y conocimiento científico de los estudiantes de 15 años, y de los niños de cuarto curso en los exámenes TIMS y PIRLS, son, en general, mediocres; ninguna universidad española figura entre las 160 más importantes del mundo en las principales clasificaciones académicas, y el gasto en I+D, situado en un 1,3% del PIB, se halla muy por debajo del de otras economías desarrolladas.
Ahora bien, es una buena noticia que el porcentaje de la población con edades entre 25 y 64 años que tiene estudios superiores cuenta ha pasado en España de un 29,3% en 2007, antes de la crisis, a un 33,7% en 2013, cinco puntos porcentuales por encima del promedio de la Unión Europea. Alemania se sitúa justo en la media. No hay más remedio que seguir estudiando. Dicho esto, muchos de los titulados universitarios en España están sobrecalificados para el puesto de trabajo que encuentran, si es que encuentran algo. Otra vez estamos con el problema del modelo económico.
Igual que los británicos – yo mismo soy un buen ejemplar – los españoles son pocos dotados en aprender idiomas bien. Todos recordamos el vergonzoso incidente el año pasado cuando Alejandro Blanco, el presidente de la Comisión Olímpica Española durante ocho años, espeto el risible “No listen the ask” (no escuchar la pregunta) en una rueda de prensa sobre la candidatura de España para los juegos del 2020 .
España ha invertido demasiado en infraestructura y demasiado poco en capital humano. A diferencia de gastos en educación, inversiones en infraestructura son muy atractivas para los partidos políticos tanto en términos de votos como de comisiones, como hemos constatado por la ola de casos de corrupción.
España acaba de salir en el puesto nueve de un total de 144 países en el ranking mundial de infraestructuras, elaborado por el Foro Económico Mundial. Como asegura el propio Foro “una infraestructura amplia y eficiente resulta esencial para lograr un funcionamiento eficaz de la economía”.

Lo mismo se puede decir de una eficiente sistema educativo. Dicho esto, la solución no es de inyectar más dinero en las escuelas públicas, aunque más fondos son siempre bienvenidos. Hay países como Finlandia que no gastan mucho más que España en la escuela pública medido en términos de su PIB, pero que rinden mucho mejores resultados. El salario anual promedio de un profesor en Finlandia es solo $1,300 más que un profesor español en términos de paridad de poder adquisitivo. El sistema educativa español es de lo menos eficientes, según un índice publicado por GEMS en septiembre que cubre 30 países y basado en aspectos como el salario, el número de alumnos en una clase, resultados en las pruebas PISA, etc.

La tributación española es también poco eficiente. España recauda poco porque pese a tener tipos impositivos nominales altos, la recaudación efectiva es baja. Según un miembro de la Comisión de Expertos para la Reforma Fiscal, si se aplicara la estructura actual del IVA español a la base tributaria alemana, la recaudación en términos del PIB sería básicamente como la española. El problema no es tanto el fraude, aunque siempre será bueno combatirlo, sino los mecanismos legales de elusión fiscal, las excepciones, deducciones y bonificaciones, que explican los bajos tipos efectivos y la penuria de la recaudación. La presión fiscal española (el cociente entre los ingresos fiscales y el tamaño de la economía) es de las más bajas de Europa: se situó en el 32,5% del PIB en 2012, según Eurostat, ocho puntos de PIB por debajo de la media de la eurozona.

Este maldito modelo productivo era no solo la causa profunda del periodo más largo de recesión en España en más de 60 años y del desempleo galopante, pero de la corrupción rampante en los partidos políticos y los hombres de negocios relacionados con ellos, en particular por la relación demasiado cómoda entre las cajas de ahorro y los políticos locales, lo que favoreció tanto capitalismo de compadreo (crony capitalism). Gran parte de la clase política se convirtió en una élite extractiva, o en una casta, el término popularizado por Podemos.

Llama la atención que muy pocos políticos españoles han trabajado en el sector privado. Para muchos la política es una carrera como cualquier otra, y no debería serlo. No sería mal idea que nadie pueda postularse a ser miembro de las Cortes o de los parlamentos autonómicos sin haber trabajado antes en el sector privado.

España ha bajado más que cualquier otro país Europeo en el Índice de Percepción de Corrupción elaborado cada año por Transparency International, la única medida internacional que tenemos. En el último índice, publicado antes de los últimos escándalos de las tarjetas opacas y la Operación Púnica, España bajo 10 renglones al puesto 40 de un total de 177 países y su nota cayó seis puntos a 59. Más cerca de 100, más limpio el país. El número uno es Dinamarca con 91 puntos. El único consuelo es que Italia está en el puesto 69 con una nota de 43.

La reclasificación de terrenos para edificios y la expedición de licencias de construcción favorecieron la corrupción, como es bien sabido en esta comunidad con el famoso aeropuerto fantasma de Castellón y la inauguración por Carlos Fabra. En un acto frente a 2.000 personas trasladadas en autobús desde todos los rincones de la provincia, aclaró que el hecho de realizar ese acto sin tener definida la fecha de la llegada de los primeros vuelos, “daba la oportunidad a los ciudadanos para conocer las instalaciones con tranquilidad, como una atracción turística más”. El entonces presidente de la Generalitat Valenciana, Francisco Camps, también presente ese día, no se quedó atrás y desde el mismo atril le dijo a Fabra: “Carlos… ¡eres un visionario!”. ¡Vaya cara que tiene Fabra, condenado a cuatro años de cárcel por varios delitos fiscales, de pedir al Gobierno el indulto, y concederlo hubiera sido el colmo!
El auge de la corrupción, uno de las pocas industrias en crecimiento, benefició también del alto nivel de “bancarización”. El número de las sucursales de las cajas de ahorro se duplicó entre 1990 y 2008 a 25.000, mientras que el número de las sucursales de los mucho más prudentes, mejor gestionados y menos politizados bancos comerciales, como Santander y BBVA, alcanzó 15.600 en 2008. Hubo casi un sucursal (entre cajas y bancos comerciales) para cada mil habitantes en 2008, el doble de la densidad de la zona euro. El número total de las sucursales ha caído en más de 12.000 desde el inicio de la crisis y el sector financiero ha despedido a 63.500 empleados, lo que supone en 23,5% del total.

A diferencia de mi país, España está muy lejos de la situación en la City de Londres, donde, según datos oficiales, unos 6.000 banqueros, agentes de bolsa y asesores financieros han perdido sus puestos de trabajo por mala gestión o peor. Y, lo que es éticamente peor, imputados bien conocidos, como Rodrigo Rato, han podido seguir sus carreras. Creo firmemente en el principio de presunción de inocencia hasta que alguien sea declarado culpable tras un juicio, pero no creo que alguien en mi país con el currículo de Rato habría sido nombrado asesor en dos empresas emblemáticas (en su caso Santander y Telefónica) después de ser imputado por el caso Bankia en 2012. Los gestos son importantes, particularmente en tiempos de crisis.

Dicho esto, veo que hace poco el Banco Santander, ante la resistencia de Rato de presentar su renuncia tras el escándalo de las tarjetas opacas, decidió prescindir del expresidente de Caja Madrid por la vía de disolver todo su Consejo Asesor Internacional, en vez de solamente castigar a él, que habría sido éticamente más adecuado. La versión oficial de Santander es que el banco ha decidido reconfigurar las relaciones de asesoramiento que tiene institucionalizadas “a la luz de los cambios que se han producido en la situación global y que van a continuar en la próxima década”.

Luis Guindos ha prometido “luz y taquígrafos” para la crisis bancaria, pero no ha sido el caso. En Londres, por ejemplo, Bob Diamond, el antiguo consejero delegado de Barclays, fue llamado rápidamente en 2012 para testificar en público ante una comisión parlamentaria que investigaba el abuso del Libor, y ante las cámaras de la televisión.

La politización del sistema de justicia – los políticos han colonizado gran parte de las instituciones esenciales para poder tener un sistema eficaz de salvaguardias y contrapesos, pieza fundamental de la democracia, – también ha ayudado a fomentar la corrupción. En las palabras de Antonio Garrigues, España sufre de una politización de la justica y una judicialización de la política.” También, la judicatura está sujeta a luchas internas, todo lo cual beneficia a los políticos y aumenta la desconfianza de los ciudadanos. A mi me molesta, por ejemplo, que se conozcan las afinidades, incluso afiliaciones, políticas de los miembros del Tribunal Constitucional y del Consejo General del Poder Judicial.

Además, los procesos judiciales marchan a paso de tortuga antes de llegar a un juicio, si es que llegan: basta ver los 10 años que pasaron entre abrir una investigación de y la sentencia de una tribunal, o los ocho años que se han tardado para que la gran estafa piramidal de Fórum Filatélico se acerca a juicio.

En este país todos son víctimas y muy pocos asuman su responsabilidad. Muy pocos políticos, en particular, se hacen responsables por sus acciones. Cuando Chris Huhne, ex ministro británico de Energía, dimitió de su escaño en el parlamento en 2013 y del Gabinete del Gobierno por tratar de ocultar una infracción de tráfico, mis amigos españoles se quedaron con la boca abierta. Un delito menor y cometido hace 10 años, pero vergonzoso, según las normas a las que están sujetos los parlamentarios, y tanto él como su ex mujer fueron encarcelados por varios meses. También dimitió, el director de la BBC al poco de ostentar su cargo por un reportaje en el que se acusaba erróneamente a un político de abuso sexual infantil. El director de la BBC no era, como es natural, el autor del reportaje que levantaba un falso testimonio contra un personaje público, pero consideró que su honorabilidad le obligaba a dejar el cargo. Esto no pasa en España.

En el último caso de esta naturaleza, la diputada Emily Thornberry tuvo que dimitir este mes de su puesto de responsable de justicia de los laboristas, el partido en la oposición en mi país, por su mensaje en la red social Twitter, el día del anuncio de los resultados en las legislativas parciales en la circunscripción de Rochester, ganadas por el partido antinmigración y euroescéptico UKIP. Su mensaje contenía una foto de una modesta casa con dos banderas inglesas colgando del balcón y una furgoneta típica de trabajador y la leyenda ‘Imagen de Rochester’. El tuit fue interpretado como de condescendiente y los tabloides hicieron sangre con él.

Uno de los aspectos más positivos de la crisis es un cambio significativo en España en actitudes públicas con respecto a la corrupción, que a mi modo de ver es una nueva y sana fase en la transición desde el estado autoritario de Franco a más transparencia y responsabilidad democrática. Las crisis sirven para cambiar hábitos.

Cuando yo fui corresponsal del Financial Times en México hace más de 30 años, antes de regresar a España en 1986 en forma permanente, el entonces y muy corrupto presidente, José López Portillo, acuñó un frase, “la solución somos todos.” Los mejicanos, con su buen sentido de humor, rápidamente transformaron este frase en “la corrupción somos todos.” Existe más en el PP pero que atañen un gran parte del espectro político, sindical y empresarial.

Algo similar pasó en España durante la época de las vacas gordas cuando demasiadas personas fueron demasiado tolerantes de la corrupción, tal vez por ser, en cierto modo, una corrupción algo democrática si me permiten decirlo así: todo desde un fontanero que no cobra la IVA hasta el dueño de una finca de naranjas que logra recalificar el terreno para edificar una urbanización y venderlo a un promotor tras untar la mano de un alcalde, hasta el nepotismo a gran escala, como en el caso del enchufe masivo de 104 personas por José Luis Baltar, el cacique del PP, en la Diputación de Ourense, o el caso del Tribunal de Cuentas donde un licenciado en Económicas no aprobó una oposición para subalterno, equiparable a mozo o bedel, y poco después el mismo opositor aprobó y sacó la segunda mejor nota de toda España en otras oposiciones para técnico de Hacienda.

Conviene resaltar que no es casualidad que las seis comunidades autónomas que han experimentado el mayor auge de la construcción y del inmobiliario son también las que han generado muchos casos de corrupción. De los 1,661 sumarios (hasta el verano), 656 provienen de Andalucía, 280 de la Comunidad Valenciana, 215 de Cataluña, 197 de Canarias, 181 de Madrid y 110 de Galicia. Baleares es la que tiene un mayor número de políticos en prisión.

La crisis ha puesto al descubierto una sociedad demasiado pasiva, hasta en asuntos aparentemente de poca importancia. Mi amigo Antonio Muñoz Molina dedica unas páginas en su ensayo “Todo lo que era sólido” a las fiestas de todo tipo y escribió: “Si hay algo en España de lo que no se puede disentir es del totalitarismo de la fiesta, en el que se confunden con entusiasmo idéntico la izquierda y la derecha”. En septiembre de 2011 escribí una columna proponiendo que se prohibieran todas las fiestas hasta que las cuentas públicas estén saneadas, o introduciría una ley que solo permita las fiestas si son totalmente financiadas por los habitantes de la localidad. Como podéis imaginar, el artículo no me hizo muy popular. En las fiestas de mayo en mi pueblito tenemos fuegos artificiales en el campo de fútbol, y tengo fama en mi familia de ser un aguafiestas y lamentar en voz alta durante el espectáculo el dinero que se está quemando y pedir que se destine a algo más útil como la escuela pública del pueblo.

La falta de progreso en la llamada “regeneración democrática” ha sido decepcionante. El debate político se ha reducido a “y tú más”. Es triste comprobar que algunas de las cosas que decían los regeneracionistas de hace más de un siglo, tienen validez hoy. Como el aviso de Ortega y Gasset en su conferencia “Vieja y nueva política”, en 1914, de que “las nuevas generaciones advierten que son extrañas totalmente a los principios, a los usos, a las ideas y hasta al vocabulario de los que hoy rigen los organismos oficiales de la vida española”. De nuevo.

España ha tenido desde la muerte de Franco uno de los gobiernos menos transparentes en el mundo desarrollado. La primera Ley de Transparencia, bastante descafeinada si la comparamos con leyes de transparencia en otros países, entra en vigor en diciembre, casi 40 años después de la muerte del generalísimo, pero solo al nivel del estado, y 12 meses más tarde al nivel de las comunidades y municipios, que es donde está la gran masa de casos de corrupción.

Además, el Partido Popular y el PSOE han acordado que haya un mayor control en el Congreso de los viajes de los diputados, en respuesta a la presión popular, pero dejaron esa responsabilidad en manos de los propios partidos, sin tener que revelar o rendir cuantas por cada desplazamiento. Solo se tendrá que publicar cada tres meses el importe global de los viajes. ¡Vaya cambio más radical!

Hace falta una reforma política, en concreto de la ley electoral y la ley de partidos, en particular el sistema de listas cerradas y bloqueadas que da tanto poder al aparato de los partidos a expensas de la rendición de cuentas a los ciudadanos, y que hace políticos egoístas más interesados en sus propios beneficios. El Senado sirve para muy poco, el Tribunal de Cuentas es una farsa y el Consejo General de Poder Judicial un nido de intereses políticos. No existe ningún organismo regulador o fiscalizador que se puede llamar verdaderamente independiente. Además, el descrédito y el deterioro de la función pública favorecen el ejercicio de la arbitrariedad política y las decisiones corruptas.

Llama la atención, por ejemplo, la decisión del Gobierno de Zapatero en 2010 de cobrar, en vez de castigar, a los 659 grandes defraudadores de la lista Falciani. En vez de abrirles una inspección fiscal – el proceso habitual al encontrarse pruebas de fraude – se decidió dar un plazo para que pagaran sus deudas. El resultado es que gran parte de los defraudadores fueron automáticamente absueltos tras regularizar su situación. ¡Vaya mensaje emitido a los contribuyentes honestos!

No sorprende el auge en Podemos que según la última encuesta de Metroscopia ganaría las elecciones si fueran convocadas hoy. A diferencia de mi país, Francia, Holanda y algunos otros países, la crisis en España no ha producido un auge en partidos de extrema derecha o anti inmigrantes. El descontento se está canalizando hacia un movimiento radical, populista y antisistema, pero, como bien dijo Elvira Lindo en una columna este mes, “tanto que han hablado los señores diputados de peligroso acecho de los antisistema, tanto que han querido blindar plazas y avenidas para disolverlos, tanto que han alertado en sus tertulias contra el perroflautismo y ha resultado ser ellos los que cucamente y con el nudo de la corbata bien ajustado socavaban el sistema desde dentro, vulnerando las instituciones que debían proteger al ciudadano del mangoneo y saltándose la legalidad que decían defender.”

Gran parte de quienes se dicen posibles futuros votantes de Podemos reconocen que no lo son tanto por identificación real con lo que esta formación representa como por enfado con el partido por el que habitualmente votan. Podemos ha logrado erigirse en portavoz de la ira popular, y es percibido por la mayoría de los españoles como el único partido en el que se pueda confiar. Mi esperanza es irreal: que gane Podemos pero que no gobierne porque me temo que sus recetas serían un desastre para España. Espero que Podemos sirve para una profunda sacudida de toda la clase política.

Me extraña y me alegro, que no haya un partido anti inmigrante como el UKIP en mi país que está ganando fuerza. Es un mérito que subraya la tolerancia admirable de los españoles. No olvidemos que la población extranjera en España ha crecido más fuertemente que en cualquier otro país en los últimos 20 años. Cuando yo llegué a España en 1974 fui uno de unos 165.000 de extranjeros; hoy soy uno de los 6 millones, incluyendo a naturalizados españoles.

Por cierto, en contra de lo que parecen sugerir numerosos reportajes en los medios de comunicación, la emigración española actual no representa un éxodo masivo. La realidad es que la sociedad española ha sido, hasta recientemente, excepcionalmente inmóvil durante las últimas tres décadas. Esta situación, sin embargo, esta cambiando. Mi hijo mayor de 33 años trabaja en Londres y su hermano de 32 años en Berlín; ambos salieron mucho antes de la crisis, pero los ingleses estamos acostumbrados a trabajar en otros países. Quienes están emigrando son los inmigrantes regresando a sus países de origen, en particular Latinoamericanos.

Hasta la monarquía en España ha sido afectado por la crisis, a diferencia de la mía. Nunca lo sabemos pero creo que sin la crisis, Juan Carlos no hubiera abdicado. Cuando entrevisté al Rey en 1977, Juan Carlos, llamado por los comunistas durante el régimen franquista “Juan Carlos el Tonto,” o “Juan Carlos el Breve”, apreciaba, divertido, un chiste que se contaba a su costa: “¿Por qué le coronaron en un submarino?” “Porque en el fondo no era tan tonto”. Ha sido un rey sabio, incluso con su abdicación, aunque a veces ingenuo.

Con respecto al campo social, el impacto de la crisis ha sido fuerte. España ha incrementado su desigualdad, medida por el coeficiente de Gini armonizado de la renta disponible de hogares equivalentes de la Unión Europea, desde 0,313 en 2006 a 0,344 en 2010 y a 0,350 en 2012. Dicho coeficiente mide la desigualdad en la distribución de la renta, que abarca desde 0, en que todas las personas tienen la misma renta disponible, a 1, en que una sola persona detenta toda la renta disponible. España es hoy el segundo país más desigual de la Unión Europea.

La tasa de pobreza infantil ha subido mucho, de 28% en 2008 a 36% en 2012 (ultimo año para datos comparables de 41 países). Este incremento en la tasa de 8 puntos es el sexto más alto de los 41 países en la última clasificación de la UNICEF, publicado el mes pasado.

Con tanto desempleo y decepción con sus instituciones y políticos, ¿por qué no se hunde España? Esto se debe, en palabras de Víctor Pérez-Díaz, escritas (fíjense) hace 20 años y aún valido, “a la curiosa alternancia de muchas gentes, sobre todo jóvenes, entre cuatro estaciones: la ocupación en un puesto de trabajo en precario; la ocupación en la economía sumergida; el paro de condición de recibir subsidio de un tipo u otro, en circunstancias que permiten a la gente formular su experiencia como la de ’trabajar en paro’; y el aterrizaje en un puesto estable; a falta de todo lo cual, queda el individuo en el centro de la escena, en condición de paro propiamente dicho, puro y duro, viendo a los otros correr de una esquina a la otra.” Víctor lo comparó con el juego de niños de las cuatro esquinas.

También se debe, a gran diferencia de mi país, a la fuerza y apoyo, aunque debilitada, de la familia española y las redes de la familia ampliadas, particularmente los abuelos. Si mañana los abuelos hicieran una huelga de brazos caídos, este país se paralizaría. Gracias a ellos muchas mujeres (más que hombres) han podido incorporarse al mercado laboral, sin tener que gastar dinero en el cuidado de sus hijos, y en casos no tan extremos los padres o otro miembro de la familia apoyan económicamente a los hijos cuando están en el paro.

Es algo que he vivido en la calle donde vivo en Madrid. Cuando la hija de mis vecinos regresó a su trabajo después de su baja de maternidad, sus padres cuidaron a su nieto desde las ocho de la mañana hasta las tres de la tarde, los cinco días de la semana y hasta los fines de semana. Cuando nació el niño, sus padres fueron a vivir con mis vecinos varios meses aunque su propia casa está solo a unos 500 metros. En la casa de los abuelos tenían todo tan bien organizado, como en un hotel, que no me hubiera sorprendido si se hubieran decidido a vender su piso para quedarse allí para siempre. Esto es impensable en mi país. No por nada, España tiene un día dedicado a los abuelos, el 26 de Julio.

Estoy convencido después de vivir la mitad de mi vida en España que sin estas redes, el país habría colapsado. Una crisis de la magnitud española en mi país, donde tenemos fama de cuidar nuestros animales domesticados mejor que los miembros de la familia en apuros o los ancianos, hubiera producido conflictos sociales mucho más graves que aquí. ¿Cuál es el conflicto más grave que ha pasado en España en los últimos años? ¿El movimiento bastante pacífico de los indignados? Y, a su vez, en una España en crisis, las redes familiares al estilo británico habrían producido una revolución.

A pesar de tanta corrupción y desempleo, la imagen de España dentro y fuera de España no corresponde siempre con la realidad. Hace poco, el Real Instituto Elcano –real porque el Rey Felipe es nuestro presidente de honor – publicó un estudio basado en preguntas que demuestra que en algunos atributos hay una brecha importante entre la percepción de España (su imagen) y la realidad. Me gustaría citar algunos atributos, y así no dejarles con la impresión de que soy todo negativo. Me considero a mí mismo realista. Y, a pesar de mis críticas, no pienso irme de España, y mucho menos regresar a mi propio país.

Entre los atributos están:
• Innovación Tecnológica. España ocupa el puesto nº 18 en el ranking mundial de registro de patentes. Cinco puntos por encima de su posición en el ranking de imagen como “país innovador”.
• Número de marcas comerciales/empresariales de prestigio. España ocupa el puesto nº 10 en el ranking mundial de países en función del número de marcas de prestigio que poseen. Nueve puntos por encima de su posición en el ranking de imagen como “país con marcas de prestigio”.
• Exportación. España ocupa el puesto nº 12 en el ranking mundial de países exportadores. Siete puntos por encima de su puesto en el ranking de imagen como “país recomendable para comprar sus productos o servicios”.
• Atracción de inversión extranjera directa. España ocupa el puesto nº 11 en el ranking mundial de países exportadores. Nueve puntos por encima de su puesto en el ranking de imagen como “país recomendable para invertir”.
• Seguridad. España es el 6º país más seguro del mundo (en relación al número de asesinatos) y el 4º de la Unión Europea (para todo tipo de delitos). Nueve puntos por encima de su puesto en el ranking de imagen como “país seguro”.
• Atracción de inmigración. Pese a la crisis económica, España es el 8º país del mundo que más inmigración neta ha atraído en el periodo 2007-2012. Tres puntos por encima de su puesto en el ranking de imagen como “país recomendable para vivir”.
En cuanto al mito de la famosa siesta, según la OECD los españoles trabajaron un promedio de 1.665 horas en 2013, 327 más que los alemanes. A diferencia de los estereotipos, parece que los alemanes son más perezosos que los españoles. Ahora bien, ¿la productividad por hora trabajada en España es la misma que en Alemania?

Muchas gracias por su atención y paciencia y por permitirme predicar, y espero no en el desierto.

The Gypsy Scholar and the Cambridge Don: Walter Starkie and JB Trend

The first Concurso de Cante Jondo in Granada in June 1922, organized by the great Spanish composer Manuel de Falla with the help of the poet Federico García Lorca, was a seminal event in Spanish music and also in the professional lives of two of the 20th century’s most prolific and forgotten hispanists, John Brande Trend (born in 1887-died 1958) and Walter Starkie (born 1894- died in 1976).

Falla personally invited Trend and Starkie was also there. Whether they met is not known. If they did, it is fair to say they would not have got on very well. The two men came from very different backgrounds and could not be more unalike, intellectually as well as physically. Starkie was short and portly: he liked his food and wine. His height almost equalled his girth, and he had a “huge and massive head, a lion’s head” in the words of another Hispanist, Gerald Brenan, in his book, The Face of Spain, when describing the archetypal Spaniard in old age. Trend was a little taller, rosy-cheeked and according to a former student of his looked like a “merry mediaeval monk who had strayed into the 20th century.” Starkie could have passed as Sancho Panzo, but Trend not as Don Quixote.

Trend was the son of a surgeon and Starkie’s father was a Greek scholar and the Resident Commissioner of National Education for Ireland under British rule (1899-1920). Trend studied Natural Sciences at Cambridge University and became interested in Spain through its music, while Starkie, whose ambition was to be a concert violinist, studied classics and history at Trinity College, Dublin and was drawn to Spain by its gypsies (after writing about them in Hungary). Starkie was a right wing catholic – he sided for a time with Fascism in Italy as a bulwark against Communism – and Trend, nominally Protestant, a liberal free thinker.

As a six-year old boy, Starkie sat captivated under a tree in Ireland listening to a tinker playing the violin. He was something of a wandering minstrel, a gypsy scholar and took to the highways and byways with his violin, which he regarded as the equivalent of Don Quixote’s horse Rocinante or the Bible of George Borrow, who travelled around Spain in the 19th century as an agent of the Bible Society. Starkie first came to Spain in 1921 on his honeymoon with his Italian wife. Trend first visited Spain in 1919.

Trend became the first professor of Spanish at Cambridge and Starkie the first professor of Spanish at Trinity College and the first cultural representative in Madrid of the British Council (1940-54), an institution that played a part in keeping the Franco regime out of belligerent involvement in the Second World War on Hitler’s side. Starkie’s eccentricity was also a good cover for his work as a British agent. His flat in Madrid was used by the British Embassy as a safe house for escaping prisoners of war and Jewish refugees en route to Gibraltar and Lisbon.

Trend helped organize the evacuation of 4,000 Basque children who were shipped from Bilbao to England in May 1937, and he found academic posts for exiled Republican friends such as Alberto Jiménez Fraud, the director of the Residencia de Estudiantes.

Starkie, among other works, wrote two travels books on Spain – Spanish Raggle- Taggle and Don Gypsy ; the two volume Spain: A Musician’s Journey through Time and Space and translated Don Quixote, while Trend wrote A Picture of Modern Spain, Spain from the South, Manuel de Falla and Spanish Music (the first study of the composer in English), The Origins of Modern Spain and The Civilization of Spain.

Trend never returned to Spain after the Civil War, while Starkie was made a Comendador de la Orden de Isabel la Católica by the Franco regime and spent the last years of his life in Madrid where he died.

Their books illuminate from different stances the passing of the “old” feudal Spain (Starkie laments it) and the emerging of a “new” one (Trend welcomes it) and are virtually impossible to find except in the original first editions in English. While Starkie is hyper romantic and takes on many guises in his travel books, and has the Irish gift of the gab (many of the conversations and stories in the book are rather difficult to believe) Trend is down to earth. In one of his books, Starkie returns during his travels to a railway station many years after first being there and claims he found the umbrella he had left in the waiting room.

Spanish Raggle Taggle, published in 1934, takes its title from a song of the same name, which tells of a lady living in comfort and leisure who absconds with gypsies. One of the verses goes as follows:

“What care I for my house and land?
What care I for my treasure, O?
What care I for my new-wedded lord,
I’m off with the raggle-taggle gypsies, O!”

I knew Starkie in Madrid during the last year of his life. The photograph of him in the festival catalogue taken by me is one of the last ones before he died. He once told me in one of our conversations which I recorded that he had “an entirely divided personality, and I am not ashamed of it either. I think you have to have moments of vagabondage, but I also like university life and have had my nose to the grindstone as my wife and I never had much money. I suppose you could say I was a forerunner of the hippies. I went very rough and was absolutely filthy and full of bugs. When I returned home my wife would not let me in the house until I was deloused.”

Despite suffering from chronic asthma, Starkie constantly travelled around Spain in the years before the Civil War. While walking he would converse with himself. Often he would enact a conversation between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, telling himself: “Get thee behind me, pot-bellied Sancho, the true vagabond is no hiker who has visited Woolworth’s”.

In Spanish Raggle Taggle, Starkie highlights the plight of the Spanish nobility in the wake of the founding of the Republic in 1931. He wrote: “There are nearly as many Spaniards as French on the Côte d’Argent – why, the entire noblesse espagnole sits along the coast and looks with melancholy longing across the bay at Fuenterrabía.” Starkie drums up sympathy for the clergy – without mentioning the Church’s privileged and powerful position.

He was rowed into Spain from Hendaye to Fuentearrabía by an old Basque fisherman who told him of Spanish priests escaping to France “carrying, hidden beneath their soutanes, church ornaments.” When the boat reached the shore of Spain, Starkie was spotted by a policeman and asked to show his passport. He was not someone who could easily blend into the background. Here is what Starkie wrote about the incident in Spanish Raggle Taggle.See page 36.

As Jacqueline Hurtley observes in her excellent biography of Starkie, the only sympathetic comment to be found in favour of the Republic’s reforms in Spanish Raggle Taggle is expressed in the last chapter when Starkie recognises the importance of the reforms in higher education. Starkie’s depiction of the country under the Republic, with comments like there being “many ragged villages where in former days proud heroes dwelt”, is ubiquitously negative. Starkie’s next book, Don Gypsy, was published in 1936 a month before Franco’s uprising and the text seems, on occasion, to be anticipating it.

Gibraltar figures in Don Gypsy. As Starkie approaches Gibraltar from the sea he witnesses a conversation between a Spaniard and an Englishman which goes as follows. See pages 4 and 5.

Starkie came to Gibraltar with Tom Burns, the father of Jimmy Burns and press attaché at the British Embassy in Madrid who was also a British agent. Jimmy, a former colleague at the Financial Times, has also been speaking at this festival. As Jimmy recounts in his engaging book Papa Spy, while his father touched base with local intelligence contacts in Gibraltar, Starkie played a concert of Irish jigs in the great hangar below deck of the Ark Royal, the Royal Navy’s flagship aircraft carrier, which was docked in Gibraltar.

With his wide range of contacts, particular among intellectuals and the nobility, and knowledge of the country, Starkie was an inspired choice to establish the British Institute in Madrid in 1940. He also professed the right religion: the Franco regime made it a condition that the Institute’s director was Roman Catholic. He became persona gratisima in Franco’s circles.
Spain’s ambivalent political position during the war and its lack of support towards the Allied forces strained relations with Britain. Thanks to the tireless work of Starkie, music and art became a bridge between the two nations and were used as a political tool to encourage Spain to remain neutral rather than directly collaborating with the Nazis.

Trend, on the other hand, was vehemently contemptuous of the British Council in Spain for being pro-Franco. He called it the “B. Council” (the “B” stood for bloody).

Starkie’s eccentric public persona put him in a good position to be of use to the British secret service. There is a fascinating photograph in Hurtley’s book, originally published in the Irish Independent newspaper, that shows Starkie in December 1938, two years before he was posted to Madrid, on Franco’s side of the Ebro front during the Civil War, where the temperature was -18ºC, standing next to the British double spy Kim Philby and another war correspondent. Philby, an agent for the Soviet Union and later MI6, has his head bandaged following an accident in which three other journalists had been killed. Philby covered Franco’s side of the Civil War for The Times, which enabled him to pass information via Moscow to the Republican side and burnish his credentials as a supposed conservative. He had been recruited by the Russians in the 1930s (he defected to Moscow in 1963). Starkie is not identified as a war correspondent like the other two in the photograph and the role he was playing at this juncture remains a mystery. Perhaps he was keeping tabs on Philby.

Starkie made the British Institute in Madrid a genial atmosphere for Anglo-Spanish relations, with tertulias, music, lectures, exhibitions and the promotion of British books. On any one evening one could count on finding in the Institute a great novelist such as Pío Baroja, a rising star like Camilo José Cela (Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1989), composers like Joaquín Rodrigo, best known for his Concierto de Aranjuez, and painters such as Ignacio Zuloaga.

In 1943, Starkie organised a propaganda tour of Spain by the actor Leslie Howard, best known for his role as Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind. Not all the events at the Institute were subtle in their political agendas. Howard gave a lecture on Hamlet, comparing the plot of murder, deception and madness to the actions of Hitler in an attempt to turn Spanish support away from the Nazis. Howard died that year when the plane he was travelling in from Lisbon to Bristol was shot down by Luftwaffe Junkers. There had been speculation that Winston Churchill was on the flight.

The Institute also became a support to refugees in Spain. The American Red Cross provided flour and milk for 400 families in need, a process coordinated by Starkie’s wife. Every subsequent Tuesday, around 50 Spanish and British women went to the Institute to turn the sacks that had been used to transport the food into clothes for destitute children.

In 1944, Starkie met the Spanish minister for education to discuss the place of English in the national Bachillerato. The law at that time decreed that English should not be available for study, but Starkie convinced the minister to change the law. A new ruling gave pupils the choice between English or German. Starkie reported back to England: “I have gained a great victory for English in Spain and have destroyed one of the main advantages of the Germans here.”

Unlike Starkie, Trend had no wish to construct a romantic, imaginary Spain for consumption by readers of his books. Like the great Richard Ford, author of Handbook for Spain, published in 1845, and still one of the most perceptive books on the country, Trend possessed el vivo afan de comprender, a real desire to find out the truth, understand it and explain it to his English speaking readers.

He witnessed the attempts made before the Spanish Civil War in 1936 to modernize the country, particularly in the field of education. He was a fervent admirer of the Republic, established in 1931 after King Alfonso XIII went into exile, and of the liberal and secular intellectuals who preceded it, particularly Francisco Giner de los Ríos, a law professor and founder of the Institución Libre de Ensenanza (the Free Educational Institute), in 1876 which lasted until 1936 and the outbreak of the Civil War. This elitist and very influential institution was not “free” in the sense that there was no charge for classes, but free from the inspection and control of the government and the Catholic Church. The Institución made a firm stand for individualism, for freedom of thought in its widest sense; the mind should never submit to any principle of authority.

Trend wrote in his book A Picture of Modern Spain: Men and Music published in 1921: “Don Francisco and his little band of fellow-workers were not all rationalists; they believed that fixed and doctrinaire opinions were as deplorable in unbelief as in belief itself. They were almost the first men in Spain to realize how important to human welfare is the study of science, and they built laboratories which until then had been unknown.”

Trend likened Spanish history to “the state of an old gramophone record when the needle keeps slipping back into the same groove at the same point, each time it revolves”. For him, Giner de los Ríos was the first modern Spaniard because more than any other man he “gave to Spain the impulse which set it moving.”

Trend realized that the problem of the lack of progress in Spain was closely connected with the problem of education. “The function of a teacher, and more than ever in Spain, is a continuous effort to free the spirit … and this will never happen in a rigid teaching system, “ Trend wrote. “Only a real passion for truth and justice will give rise to the development of toleration and social solidarity, which are the only hope for the future of Spain and of all nations.” Given the barbarity unleashed by the Spanish Civil War 15 years after the book was published, how right he was.

At that time boys of the upper classes in Spain, not girls, – in a country where illiteracy was very high and the Catholic Church was immensely powerful – were often educated by the Jesuits. Trend noted in A Picture of Modern Spain: “It is literally true that the ‘vice of thinking’ is discouraged along with the other deadly sins. The teaching is superficial and one-sided; modern criticism is excluded, and history and science are only admitted in bowdlerized form.”

The picture that Trend paints of Spain in this book and in The Origins of Modern Spain, published in 1934, was a very different one to the romantic one generally coming from other people writing about the country, such as Starkie, and later Laurie Lee in his book As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning, recounting his experiences in pre-Civil War Spain. Trend’s books are particularly important, though not as fun to read as Starkie’s, and have stood the test of time. Trend was not interested in perpetuating the stereotypes about Spain. The nearest he came to writing a voluptuous non-academic book a la Starkie was Spain from the South, published in 1928, which is a kind of informative companion for travellers.

This book begins in Algeciras, as follows: “Algeciras is not the best introduction to Spain. As a frontier station it is apt to give a bad impression. Generations of harassed and hard-worked soldiers on short leave from ‘Gib’, with their women-folk more accustomed to travel in the East, perhaps, than in Europe, more used to giving orders than asking people to do things, have led to the impression that English travellers never know the language and will pay anything rather than be bothered.” Trend quickly leaves Algeciras and takes the train to Cádiz.

Thanks to Trend’s book Origins of Modern Spain, the outside world was aware of the reforms that benefited women. In a country where in Trend’s words Spanish women were still thought of in terms of “Carmen, fans and mantillas, just as all English women wear uniform and do all sorts of things which no one in Spain would ever dream of”, few people knew about the Residencia de Señoritas, a college for women founded in 1915.

Trend wrote: “The clerical parties and the other reactionaries had hoped to spring woman suffrage on an unsuspecting and uneducated country as a great measure of democratic reform, well knowing that in Spain ninety-nine women out of a hundred would go straight off to a priest and ask him how they should vote.”

The answer in a catechism published as late as 1927 – nine years before the Civil War – to the question “what kind of sin is committed by one who votes for a liberal candidate?” was “generally a mortal one.” The same edition of this catechism condemned Darwinism, freedom of education, and the unrestricted right of meeting and propaganda. Some Spanish priests, Trend wrote, were more enlightened but the majority were ignorant and averse to social or intellectual progress.

For Trend the aim of the Residencia de Señoritas was to “teach students to think for themselves; to understand both sides of a problem, and choose the alternative which most commends itself to their good sense and their affections.”

There was another Residencia to which Trend was particularly close and that was the Residencia de Estudiantes. Whenever he was in Madrid, as Margaret Joan Anstee writes in her biography of Trend, home-from-home for Trend was this Residencia, another pioneering institution created in 1910 as an offshoot of the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios, the brainchild of Trend’s hero Gíner de los Ríos. The Junta financed the studies abroad of graduates. The Residencia is perhaps most famous for three students who were there at the same time – the film director Luis Buñuel, the poet Lorca and the painter Salvador Dali. Trend was the first person to bring Lorca’s poems to the attention of the British public.

Trend found a niche in the Residencia for it aspired to follow the pattern of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge. It provided halls of residence where students could live and work together and well-known writers and artists also stayed there. The students thus had direct access to intellectual giants who opened their eyes to wider horizons than were offered by the confines of the traditional curriculum, with little or no interchange between the disciplines. Tutorials were provided along the lines of the Oxbridge system, there were scientific laboratories, and the Residencia became the centre for many special events such as concerts, song recitals, plays and lectures.

Trend became a great friend of Alberto Jimenez Fraud, a disciple of Gíner de los Ríos and the director of the Residencia who went into exile in 1936 several months after the Civil War started. When the war started the British and American flags were flown at the Residencia which enabled some intellectuals to take refuge and live there. Although Republican supporters, they feared for their lives from anarchists.

Trend helped Jimenez Fraud find a job at Oxford University.

Catalan independence was in the air when Trend visited Spain, just as it is today, and a federal solution seemed to be that which most commended itself to the Catalan people. One of the main and fortunate differences between then and today was that strikes, lock-outs, social conflicts, bomb-throwing and assassinations were becoming common in Barcelona during Trend’s day

Trend had more sympathy than Starkie for the Spanish view on Gibraltar. On this contentious question Trend wrote: “We (he means the British) are so thoughtless in this matter than it never occurs to us to understand the bitterness which many Spaniards feel towards our continued possession of Gibraltar. It is as if the French were in occupation of Dover, and is more galling to the Spanish people than the American seizure and protectorate over Cuba.” Spain lost Cuba in the Spanish-American war of 1898.

Trend continues: “Many Spaniards, who are neither screaming militarists nor anti-English, observe with annoyance how Gibraltar under British rule is apparently a refuge for undesirable characters from the peninsula, and a place where, as it seems, there is an open door for all kinds of smuggling into Spain.”

“To the majority of Spaniards an Englishman is still an unknown quantity and – if he take the trouble to learn the language – something of a curiosity. It is only between Ronda and Algeciras that any real dislike exists; and that arises from the overbearing behaviour of some members of the Gibraltar garrison when they are on leave, and from the way in which certain English landlords have screwed up the rents of the houses which they own on the Spanish side of the frontier”.

I wonder what Trend would have said about the current conflict between Spain and Gibraltar.

Trend’s last visit to Spain was in the summer of 1937 when he went to Valencia, where the Republican government was installed after leaving Madrid besieged by General Franco’s troops and constantly bombed. The main purpose of Trend’s visit was related to the measures being taken to save the major art works in the Prado and other museums from the bombs. Some bombs had fallen on the Prado roof but fortunately had not exploded.

The Republican government invited various governments to send art experts to witness their efforts to save Spain’s national heritage and to demonstrate that it was not they who were the Philistines but rather the fascists who were destroying it with their bombing. Two British experts went and Trend accompanied them to help them with their contacts. Hundreds of paintings were eventually loaded onto trucks and sent for safe keeping, first to Valencia and finally to Geneva.

Trend refused to return to Spain during the Franco regime. His friends, the cream of the intellectual class, were into exile. He turned his attention to Portugal, from where he would observe Spain nostalgically from the other side of the border on many a visit, South America and Mexico.

I have with me a copy of a letter that Trend wrote in 1952 from his favourite hotel in Lisbon to a Spanish exile in London regarding Juan Ramón Jimenez, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956 and died in exile in Puerto Rico. In the letter Trend says Jimenez had begged him to visit him but he says the journey was too far and expensive. Furthermore, he writes, “for an honorary exile, like me, to get permission to enter a US territory would be like a Puertoriqueño trying to get a British visa for Cyprus.”

Starkie spent the last years of his life in Madrid after retiring from the University of California. He is buried in the British Cemetery in Madrid. On the 10th anniversary commemoration of Starkie’s death, in 1986, the author Cela, who three years later won the Nobel Prize, read out a very short story he had written for the occasion called “El violin de Don Walter”, a copy of which he gave me.

Is Spain different? The political, economic and social consequences of its crisis.

I am honoured that the ACIS has invited me to their annual conference, and it is a pleasure to speak again at the Instituto Cervantes, which I am almost beginning to regard as a kind of second home, as this is the third time I have spoken here in as many years. The first time was about the exiled Spanish writer Arturo Barea, one of my heroes and the restoration of whose deteriorated tombstone in Faringdon near Oxford I organised with a group of writer friends, and the second time Michael Portillo presented my book on Spain.

Most of you will have heard, perhaps ad nauseam, of Spain’s tourism slogan in the 1960s. The Franco regime marketed the country under the slogan “Spain is different,” which was true in comparison to most other European countries. I am going to apply the slogan to the consequences of the country’s economic, political and social crisis since 2008. In other words, to what extent has the crisis in Spain been different to that in other euro zone countries? I will focus more on the negative legacy than on the modest economic rebound the government is trumpeting rather too optimistically.

I will start with unemployment. What stands out here is the disproportionate rise as compared to the degree of shrinkage of the economy. GDP declined by around 6% between 2008 and 2013, but the official jobless rate tripled to 24.5% (5.6 million people). The number of households with all adults unemployed is 1.8 million. No other EU country except for Greece has seen its unemployment rate soar to such an extent as Spain’s. Even in 2007, at the height of its illusory economic boom, Spain’s unemployment rate was 8%, a level regarded by some as full employment as employers complained they could not fill posts – but by UK standards a disastrous rate. Clearly, Spain, the euro zone’s fourth largest economy, has a dysfunctional labour market. Why has unemployment risen so much? An important factor is Spain’s lopsided economic model, excessively based on bricks and mortar, which has yet to be rebalanced.

When the property bubble burst as of 2008 jobs were destroyed as quickly as they had been created. The 762,000 housing starts in 2006 were more than Germany, France and Italy combined. Adapting the title of a novel by García Marquez, this crash was a chronicle of a collapse foretold. As construction and house building are very labor-intensive, the collapse reverberated through other areas of the economy and had a big knock-on impact. There’s a town near Madrid that became the main place for making most of the doors for all of Spain. The town’s kids dropped out of school at 16 in droves to work in this industry. As a result of the property crash, the door factories closed causing the town to move from almost full employment to high unemployment.

Between 2002 and 2007, the total number of jobholders, many of them on temporary contracts, rose by a massive 4.1 million, a much steeper rise than in any other EU country and more than three times higher than the number created in the preceding 16 years. Since 2008, more than 3 million jobs have been lost, over half of them in the construction and related sectors. In 2007, 2.7 million people worked in the construction sector. At the end of June that number stood at 970,000.

Another factor that tends to be overlooked when getting one’s head around the scale of Spain’s unemployment is the influx of immigrants. When I first came to Spain, as a young foreign correspondent in 1974, I was one of 165,000 foreigners. Today, I am one of 4.6 million (a figure that excludes naturalized Spaniards), up from 900,000 in 1995. No other EU country has received such an influx in this time span. Immigrants were particularly needed in the construction and agricultural sectors, as there were not enough Spaniards prepared to work in them. At the peak of the boom in 2007 more than half of the 3.3 million non-EU immigrants in Spain (mainly Latin Americans and North Africans) worked in the construction sector. When the economy went into recession, immigrants bore a large part of the surge in the unemployment, as many of them were on temporary contracts and were the first to lose their jobs. The jobless rate among foreigners today (37%) is much higher than that for Spaniards (24%).

Spain is now creating jobs in net terms for the first time in six years, largely thanks to a record tourism year, but no one believes the jobless rate will drop below 20% before 2017. The government’s labour market reforms in 2012 lowered dismissal costs and give companies the upper hand, depending on their financial health, in collective wage bargaining agreements. The GDP growth threshold for net job creation has dropped from around 2% to 1.3%, the rate at which the economy is forecast to grow this year.

There is a very long way to go before recovering the pre-crisis jobless rate of 8%. To do this, the number of unemployed has to be reduced by 4.5 million. In order to reach the structural unemployment rate of the last 30 years (14%), unemployment has to be cut by around 3 million. Growth in itself not sufficient to reduce Spain’s unemployment, due to its composition: 61% are long-term jobless; 42% over the age of 45; 55% have not completed their advanced secondary education; 15% are under the age of 25 and have no work experience. The dire situation is highlighted by the sharp drop in Spain’s employment rate – defined as those with a job as a percentage of the working age population – from 64.5% in 2008 to 54.8% last year.

How do people survive in this situation? My sociologist friend Víctor Pérez-Díaz calls it the “society of four squares” after a children’s game. People, especially the young, move between four points: a fixed-term, precarious job; the shadow economy; unemployment benefits and, if they strike lucky, a permanent job.

The education system is holding back the need to create a more sustainable and knowledge-based economic model. One in every four people in Spain between the ages of 18 and 24 are early school leavers, double the EU average but down from a peak of one-third during the economic boom when jobs were easy to find. Teenagers have no option but to stay on at school.

Even worse, almost one-quarter of 15-29 year-olds are not in education, training or employment, known as NEETs. The results in the OECD’s Pisa international tests in reading, mathematics, scientific knowledge and financial literacy for 15-year-old students and for fourth-grade children in the TIMS and PIRLS tests are poor; no Spanish university is among the world’s top 160 in the main rankings and R&D spending, at 1.3 percent of GDP, is way below that of other developed economies. In these conditions, the creation of a more knowledge-based economy is something of a pipedream. The brightest young scientists and engineers are emigrating. I will come onto this later. Some 70,000 of the graduates hired last year were in jobs for which they were overqualified and many were in jobs for which they required hardly any studies at all.

Spaniards, like we Brits, are also linguistically challenged. The chairman of Madrid’s bid to host the Olympic Games in 2020 responded to a question in English last September by the International Olympic Committee at its final meeting to decide the winner with the words, “No listen the ask”, a peculiar way of saying he did not hear or understand the question.

The impact of the crisis on banks has also been profound. Nine days after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, the defining moment of the credit crunch, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, the former Socialist Prime Minister, told Wall Street that “Spain has perhaps the most solid financial system in the world. It has a standard of regulation and supervision recognized internationally for its quality and rigour.” Words he lived to regret.

The banking crisis was concentrated in the 45 regionally-based and unlisted savings banks, which accounted for around half Spain’s financial system and were closely connected to local politicians and their business associates. Their crony capitalism and spoils system caused immense damage. Today, the number of these banks has been reduced to seven as a result of mergers, interventions and take-overs. The European Stability Mechanism came to the rescue in 2012 with a €41 billion bail-out programme in return for sweeping reforms, exited last January. So far the state has only recovered 4% of the €61.5 billion of taxpayers’ money used to prop up banks.

The savings banks, in particular, made reckless loans to developers, including for two white elephant airports that have never been used, and they were massively exposed to the property sector when it crashed. Total bad loans (including those of the listed commercial banks) have soared from 0.7% of total credit in 2007 to 13% today.

The reclassification of land for building purposes and the granting of building permits created a breeding ground for corruption. The €150 million airport at Castellón in the region of Valencia was opened by Carlos Fabra, a long time cacique of the Popular Party in that area. Although it was not in use, because it did not have the necessary permits, he justified opening the airport on the grounds that “anyone who wants can visit the runway, the terminal and the control tower and walk around them, something they could not do if aircraft were taking off.” There is a 24-meter-high statue dedicated to Fabra at the phantom airport, crowned by an aluminium model aircraft. Fabra is on the point of serving a four-year prison sentence.

Probably no other country had such a surge in its “bankarisation”: the number of savings bank branches almost doubled between 1990 and 2008 to a peak of 25,000, while the number of branches of the more prudent commercial banks stood at 15,600. There was almost one bank branch (savings and commercial banks) for every 1,000 people in 2008, almost twice the density of the euro-area average. The total number of bank branches is now down to around 33,500 from a high of more than 40,000.

The scale of the banking crisis threatened to push Spain out of the euro zone, and it forced out the governor of the Bank of Spain, an institution that was asleep at the wheel, particularly over the creation of Bankia in 2010 from the merger of seven savings banks, which was then floated on the stock market. Thousands of small savers were persuaded to buy shares in the bank. Just a year later, their investments had been all but wiped out.

Bankia’s first president was Rodrigo Rato, a former managing director of the IMF and economy supremo in the last Popular Party government. Unlike in the UK, which has also had a banking crisis, very few executives in Spain have lost their jobs for poor management or worse. Spain is a long way from the situation in the City of London where nearly 6,000 bankers, brokers and financial advisers have been sacked or suspended for misconduct since the start of the financial crisis in 2008, according to the Financial Conduct Authority. In the case of Rato, he and 32 other Bankia executives appeared in court to face a fraud inquiry at the end of 2012, but since then little has happened, testimony to the snail’s pace at which the Spanish justice system works. Moreover, although under investigation (imputado in Spanish), Rato has been appointed an advisor to Banco Santander and Telefónica and director of a real estate company, something I believe would not happen in this country if only for ethical reasons. There has been one closed door parliamentary committee meeting on Bankia in 2012, despite Luis de Guindos, the economy minister, promising “luz y taquígrafos” (full and open transparency).

I have already referred to immigrants. I will expand more. The number of foreigners, based on the “empadronados” (those registered with their local town hall), and so the most reliable figure there is, remained pretty constant at 5.7 million between 2009 and 2011, as people hung in, and then the number dropped to 5.5 million in 2012, causing Spain’s total population to fall for the first time since the regular census started in 1996, and it fell further to 4.9 million in 2013. There are good reasons to empadronarse because of health and education benefits.

Spain’s total population fell by 200,000 in 2013 to 46.5 million. The foreigners’ share of the total population (excluding naturalised Spaniards) has dropped from a high of 12.2% in 2010 to 10%. The largest outflow of immigrants last year was that of Ecuadorians, 56,000 of whom left Spain last year, followed by Colombians (51,000) and Moroccans (45,000). 4,500 Britons also left: pensioners are finding it increasingly difficult to make ends meet because of the rise in the cost of living since they retired to Spain. Of the 547,900 emigrants, 23% more than in 2012, 52,000 were native Spaniards, 27,000 naturalised Spaniards and 468,600 foreigners. Until very recently, Spanish society has been immobile compared to many other countries.

Net migration (the difference between immigration and emigration) of native and naturalised Spaniards has risen steadily since 2008 and last year was 46,000, up from 1,800 in 2008 at the start of the crisis but less than 20% of the total outflow. Total net migration of foreigners and Spaniards was 80% higher at 257,000 compared to 42,600 in 2010 and net immigration of 12,800 in 2009.

The Real Instituto Elcano, the think tank for whom I work and royal because prince now king Felipe is our honorary chairman, conducted a survey among Spanish migrants which found that 54% were under 30 years and 40% aged between 31 and 45. Their main discipline of studies is engineering, followed by economics, management and business and social sciences. Interestingly, unemployment is not the main driver of emigration: 52% of respondents were employed prior to leaving Spain and 47% of them held a long-term contract. Unemployment was only cited by one-third of migrants as a reason for emigration. Other drivers of outmigration were: disappointment with the lack of meritocracy (the negative side of the importance given to the family which often involves nepotism); anger with the level of corruption and the failures of the political system and job insecurity. Talking of nepotism, the head of the Tribunal de Cuentas, the National Audit Office, had to explain himself to a parliamentary committee in July after it was discovered that around 100 of the 700 employees were related to the Tribunal’s current and former senior management and to its trade union representatives. And as for enchufismo, the PP’s boss in Orense, José Luis Baltar, another cacique, was disqualified in July from public office for nine years after he personally appointed 104 people to the Diputación Provincial which he headed for 25 years and which his son now heads.

As regards the impact of the crisis on living standards, per capita income dropped from $31,400 in 2009 to around $29,000 in 2013. This was the first sustained drop since the end of 1950s and the stabilization plan that ended autarky. That said, income is double that in 1982, though it dropped to 95% of the average EU income in 2013, the same level as in 1997, from a peak of 105% in 2007. That year Spain overtook Italy on this basis and an exuberant José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, the former Socialist prime minister, boasted that Spain would surpass Germany in these terms.

Spain has suffered one of the largest increases in income inequality, as the poorest have born the brunt of the economic crisis. The Gini coefficient, the yardstick for measuring inequality rose from 0.313 in 2006 to 0.350 in 2012 (0 is perfect equality and 1 perfect inequality), making Spain the second most unequal country in the EU after Latvia. In 2011 (latest year), the income of the wealthiest 10% of the population was 13.8 times higher on average than the income of the 10% least wealthy, up from 8.4 times in 2007 and the third highest level among the 34 OECD countries after Greece and Mexico.

“Anchored” poverty – with the value of the threshold fixed in real terms at the 2005 level (when the Spanish economy was growing strongly) – increased by eight percentage points in Spain between 2007 and 2011 compared to a rise of two points in the whole OECD area. Caritas, the Catholic relief and social service organisation, helped 81,300 people in 2013 in the form of clothing, food or accommodation, 13% more than in 2012 and 30% higher than in 2007. Of them 57% were Spanish and the rest immigrants, reversing the trend of a couple of years ago when immigrants were the main people helped.

According to UNICEF, Spain’s relative child poverty was almost 20% in 2012, only surpassed by Latvia, the US and Romania. Investment in social child protection policies is far lower than the EU average, with spending of €270 per head compared to the European average of €510, according to the latest figures The budget of national and regional governments for children has fallen by 10.6% since 2010. Scholarships and financial assistance for meals and books, two key elements to reduce inequality in access to education, have been hard hit: investment in book scholarships or loan schemes has fallen by 45% since 2008.

Spending cuts led to a reduction of 28,500 in the number of public health workers between January 2012 and January 2014, and the average waiting time to see a specialist has risen from 58 days in 2007 to 67. The system to support the case of dependent people launched in 2007, which is supposed to guarantee state assistance for those who cannot look after themselves, is particularly under strain. There were 736,800 beneficiaries in May and 184,000 people with the right to assistance on a waiting list.

At the other end of the social spectrum, the number of Spaniards with net assets of at least US$1 million, excluding their primary residence and consumables, rose 11.6% in 2013 to 161,000, according to the latest world wealth report of Capgemini and RBC Wealth Management. The number dropped sharply in 2008, when the economy slowed down before going into recession, and since then has recovered the level of 2007.

Let’s now turn to politics. The impact of the economic, financial and banking crises that were superimposed on one another like Russian nesting dolls has been considerable on political life. Confidence in the monarchy, parliament, the government and political parties has plummeted to varying degrees. The political class is widely regarded as part of the problem: it has colonized state institutions, such as the governing body of the judiciary system. The rule of law has deteriorated. The Consejo General de Poder Judicial, the governing body of the judiciary, is a nest of political interests. Politicians are regularly ranked last in a league table of assessment of institutions and social groups.

In the words of Antonio Garrigues, one of the country’s most distinguished lawyers, Spain is suffering from “a politicization of justice and a judicialization of politics”. Spain is still a country where politicians only resign in the most extreme circumstances. Very few take responsibility for their actions. When Chris Huhne, the UK energy minister, resigned from the Cabinet and gave up his parliamentary seat, after he was accused and then found guilty of perverting the course of justice for asking his then wife to take three speeding points, Spaniards were gobsmacked to put it mildly. Nothing remotely approaching that happens in Spain.

If you are a regular reader of the Spanish press, you could be forgiven for thinking that corruption had reached African proportions. Nearly all of the more than 2,000 cases under investigation or tried in the courts refer to the period before the crisis. It is no coincidence that the bulk of the corruption cases are concentrated in the six regions where most of the construction and real estate boom occurred and where the same political party has been in power for years. They include:
• The salting away in a Swiss bank account of €48 million by Luis Bárcenas, a former senator and national treasurer of the Popular Party, and the creation of a slush fund for senior party members.
• The fraudulent use of millions of euros of public funds for severance costs by trade union and other officials in Andalusia, where the Socialists have governed for 35 years.
• The charging of Iñaki Urdangarín, the brother-in-law of King Felipe VI, and his wife with tax fraud and money laundering, among other offences.
• The jailing of a prominent PP politician in Valencia, ruled by the PP for 19 years, for appropriating millions of euros of public funds allocated for international development projects.
• The imprisonment of Jaume Matas, the former PP president of the Balearic Islands, for trafficking of influences. The PP and its forerunner AP have governed there for 26 years.
• Jordi Pujol, the Catalan president for 23 years and the father of modern-day Catalan nationalism, is under investigation after admitting he had kept undisclosed bank accounts outside of Spain for the past 34 years. He was stripped of his honorary title of “Molt Honorable”, having also been “Molt Intocable.”

Spain’s notoriously slow justice system, itself one of the most poorly regarded institutions, is finally cranking into action and cleaning out the Augean stables. I mentioned Carlos Fabra earlier on: it took 10 years for his case to come to trial.

Spain was ranked 40th out of 177 countries in the latest corruption perceptions ranking by Transparency International, down from 30th place in 2012 and 20th place in 2000. Its score of 59 was six points lower. The nearer to 100, the cleaner the country. Spain was the second-biggest loser of points, and only topped by war-torn Syria. The perceived level of Spain’s corruption, however, is still a long way off Italy’s.

As a result of the crisis, Spain has seen a huge change in public attitudes to corruption. This is a long overdue and healthy phase in Spain’s transition from Franco’s authoritarian state to democratic accountability.

When I was the FT’s correspondent in Mexico more than 30 years ago, the then corrupt president, José Lopez Portillo, coined a phrase, “la solución somos todos.” Mexicans quickly changed it to “la corrupción somos todos.” Something similar happened in Spain. While the economy was booming, Spaniards were generally tolerant of corruption, as it was spread fairly evenly if I may put it that way – everything from a plumber not charging VAT to the owner of an orange grove making a big profit following the re-zoning of his land for building purposes and selling it to a developer after greasing the palm of his mayor, to nepotism on a grand scale.

All of this is having a big impact on the political map. For the first time since the establishment of democracy after the death of General Franco in 1975, the PP and the Socialists captured between them less than 50% of the total votes in an election. This occurred in May’s European elections and stunned the political class. Podemos, a new party born out of the 2011 grassroots protest movement of los indignados (‘the indignant ones’), came from nowhere to win five seats in the European Parliament and 1.2 million votes (8% of the total). Podemos had been predicted to win two seats at the very most. You may remember that the most memorable slogan to come out of this movement was the one shouted in front of Congress when protestors waved loaves of bread above their heads: “There isn’t enough bread for so many chorizos!” A chorizo is a swindler or cheat and not just a spicy sausage, often sliced and served in a bocadillo.

It was no surprise that the PP, as the governing party that has implemented tough and unpopular austerity measures, did badly, though it still managed to win one more seat than the Socialists. It is a measure of the Socialists’ meltdown that the party has so far failed to capitalise on the PP’s reforms and spending cuts. Its result underscored the party’s lack of credibility. Spaniards have not yet forgotten that the crisis happened on the Socialists’ watch during their eight years in power, although the seeds of it were sown earlier. The party elected a new leader in July, the unknown Pedro Sánchez, who is 20 years younger than Alfredo Rubalcaba, stalwart of the “vieja guardia.”

Podemos is a fascinating social phenomenon, typical of a country in profound crisis. It is influenced by, among other things, the Bolivarian Revolution of Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, with whom several of Podemos’ leaders worked. Podemos’ “boomerang discourse” has been very successful: this consists of listening to the discourse of the street and the slogans in protests, repackaging them, and sending them back. It is an effective strategy of empathy and connection with the most discontented segment of the population.

Podemos took votes from all the main parties including 100,000 from the PP, according to a post-election survey by the Centre for Sociological Investigations. Based on the voters in the 2011 general election, Podemos’ voters in May’s European elections comprised:
• 26% of those who voted for United Left in 2011.
• 16% of those who voted for the Socialists.
• 11% of those who voted for Union, Progress and Democracy.
• 5% of those who voted for the PP.

Podemos also won the votes of people who abstained or cast blank votes as a protest in 2011, and it was the most popular party for new voters – those too young to vote in the last general election. These figures show that Podemos has a wide support base that cuts across traditional party lines. According to the latest CIS barometer, Podemos would win 15% of votes in a general election, compared to 21% the Socialists and 30% for the PP.

It is too early yet to say whether Podemos will repeat its European success in next year’s general election. This depends on many factors, not the least whether it can field candidates around the country. One should not, however, underestimate its potential: its leaders are smart and media savvy and have successfully exploited the widespread view that the political class is a “cast.”

The monarchy is also going through a rough time. The abdication of Juan Carlos, brought on by the corruption scandal in the royal family, his poor health, rising republican sentiment, including within the Socialist party, traditionally republican but where the issue has been dormant, and the crisis in Catalonia over the region’s push for an illegal referendum on independence, has revived the debate on monarchy or republic. The long-running Catalan independence issue has been brought to a head by the crisis.

Spain has far more important problems to resolve than the form of its state. Furthermore, parliamentary monarchies are generally cheaper to maintain than republics. The budget of Spain’s royal’s household is £6.4 million, that of France’s Élysée presidential palace is £100 million. A Felipe González or a José María Aznar, potential presidential candidates, would not be above the political fray in very partisan Spain as much as a Juan Carlos was or Felipe VI is proving to be.

When I met Juan Carlos in 1977 at a time when he was still referred to as Juan Carlos el Tonto and Juan Carlos el Breve, he joked about himself. “Why was I crowned in a submarine? Because deep down, I am not so stupid.” The king showed his astuteness again by abdicating, although it can be seen as a humiliation as he had always insisted he would not do so, and, like Franco, die with “las botas puestas”. Felipe VI is very well prepared and already we are seeing a different and more inclusive style. For example, in July he became the first Spanish head of state to receive a delegation of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual groups and no longer are new members of state institutions and minsters sworn into their posts in the monarch’s presence with the bible and a crucifix in front of them. This change seeks to comply belatedly with the principle of a non-confessional state set out in Spain’s 1978 constitution, although the Catholic Church still has a special recognition in it.

The government is promising long overdue measures in the autumn to “regenerate democracy”, including finally incorporating the illegal financing of a political party into the Penal Code, tougher sentences for the trafficking of influences and bribery, a ban on anonymous donations to political parties by companies, and greater transparency on the salaries of those in public office. Trade unions and employers’ organisations each receive around 400 million euros a year of public funds, but have yet to have their accounts audited by an external independent auditor. These long overdue reforms follow the Transparency Law adopted last December, amazingly the first of its kind since the end of the Franco regime in 1975.

The transparency law is, however, lacking in a number of areas; for example, it is ranked 72nd out of 96 countries as regards access to information laws, according to the RTI ranking of the Centre for Law and Democracy. In spite of the pressing need to tackle corruption and secrecy, this law will not be in force at the national level until December 2014, and not fully in force at the regional and local levels until December 2015. The scope of access to information is narrow and does not enshrine such access as a fundamental right: information regarding national security, defence, foreign relations, public security or the prevention, investigation and sanction of illegal actions is not public, and one article limits the right of access to information that harms economic and monetary policy or the environment in such a general way that if interpreted widely reduces the access to a minimum. Furthermore, the access is only to public documents and not to information in general: for example, there is no access to reports and internal communications used to take decisions. Lastly, the agency responsible for guaranteeing the right of access is not independent as its head is appointed and dismissed by the government of the day. It is to be hoped that the regulations for implementing the law will improve this situation.

The legacy from the crisis is profound and persists. As George Orwell once said, “To see what is in front of one’s nose needs a constant struggle.” Spain’s political and economic elite miserably failed to do so, and Spain paid a high price for this.

Given the rather bleak panorama I have painted, you are probably wondering what holds the country together. To a significant extent, this is still due to the extended family-based network, the cornerstone of the welfare state, and Spaniards’ tremendous capacity of resistance and innate common sense. Long may these factors last.

Net job creation finally arrives in Spain

The number of unemployed fell from 5.9 million in March to 5.6 million in June, the lowest since the fourth quarter of 2011, while the jobless rate dropped from 25.9% to 24.5%, the largest fall in a single quarter, according to the latest quarterly labour market survey.
http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Fcommentary-chislett-net-job-creation-finally-arrives-in-spain#.U9OVwoCSyyP

España, la próxima Alemania

El indicio más claro de que España ha recuperado la competitividad y la confianza internacional, elementos esenciales para su futuro crecimiento económico, es que el país vuelve a atraer una cantidad importante de inversión extranjera directa (IED). España recibió 39.100 millones de dólares de IED el año pasado, la cantidad más elevada de Europa (la novena más alta del mundo) y este año parece que también va a ser bueno. La afluencia de inversiones en 2013 fue la mayor desde 2010.

La IED desempeña una función importante en la economía española, especialmente desde el Plan de Estabilización de 1959, que abrió la economía y puso fin al periodo de autarquía que siguió a la Guerra Civil. La inversión aumentó vertiginosamente después de que España entrara en la Comunidad Económica Europea en 1986; a veces daba la impresión de que el país entero estaba en venta. La liberalización generó oportunidades para las empresas extranjeras en un país con un mercado de tamaño considerable, con opciones de crecimiento y con la posibilidad de usar España como plataforma para las exportaciones. El stock de la IED entrante pasó de 110.200 millones de dólares (18,5 % del PIB) en 1995 a 715.900 millones de dólares en 2013 (53 % del PIB), según la UNCTAD.

España vuelve a ser un país atractivo para los inversores extranjeros. El recorte o congelación de los salarios y el aumento de la productividad hicieron que los costes laborales unitarios relativos de España cayesen en 2012 por debajo de los de Alemania por primera vez desde 2005 (es decir, la diferencia entre las tasas de crecimiento de los costes de ambos países). Como país de la eurozona, España no puede devaluar su moneda, de modo que se ha vuelto más competitiva mediante una “devaluación interna”.

Este hecho, unido a una cifra récord de exportaciones, ha llevado a algunos analistas internacionales demasiado optimistas a referirse a España como “la próxima Alemania”. Aunque el éxito actual es innegable, hay que verlo desde la perspectiva de una recesión intermitente de cinco años que ha triplicado la tasa de paro hasta elevarla a más del 25 % y en algunos sectores, como el inmobiliario, ha generado precios de ganga para los inversores extranjeros, por culpa de un modelo económico excesivamente basado en dicho sector y de unos bancos demasiado expuestos a él. No es ninguna sorpresa que algunas de las mayores inversiones extranjeras de este año se hayan producido en los sectores inmobiliario y bancario.

No solo ha crecido considerablemente la inversión en España, sino que también las empresas españolas vuelven a invertir en el extranjero. La inversión en el exterior fue de 26.000 millones de dólares en 2013 (en 2012 fue negativa, de –3.900 millones de dólares, ya que la desinversión superó la inversión). Esto ha seguido a un periodo en el que algunas de las mayores empresas españolas, como Telefónica, han vendido activos internacionales considerados no estratégicos, para reducir sus niveles de deuda. El stock de las inversiones en el extranjero fue de 643.200 millones de dólares (47,3% del PIB) en 2013, el sexto más alto de Europa (el undécimo del mundo) y 41 veces más elevado que el de 1990.

Las multinacionales españolas son la parte más dinámica del sector privado. Entre las más conocidas están Inditex, el mayor minorista de moda del mundo, con casi 6.400 tiendas en 88 países (incluyendo a España) y Santander, el banco más grande de la eurozona según la capitalización de mercado, que obtiene más beneficios netos en Brasil que en España. Alrededor de dos tercios de los ingresos de las empresas que forman parte del índice bursátil Ibex-35 se generan en el extranjero. Gracias a su diversificación geográfica y de negocio, estas empresas son, en distinta medida, capaces de compensar la caída del negocio en su mercado domestico.

Tras haber invertido inicialmente en Latinoamérica durante la década de 1990, puesto que este era el lugar lógico por el que empezar, las empresas españolas se han trasladado desde entonces mucho más a Europa y a Estados Unidos. El stock de inversión de España en Reino Unido alcanzó los 66.200 millones de dólares en 2012 (último año del que disponemos de datos), con lo que superó a Japón.

El sector más prometedor de la inversión española en el extranjero es el sector de las infraestructuras. España se ha labrado una gran reputación internacional por su participación en megaproyectos. El país tiene cinco empresas entre los 10 principales proveedores de infraestructuras de transporte del mundo. Un consorcio español ha sido preseleccionado para competir por el proyecto de 12.000 millones de dólares para construir una central hidroeléctrica en la República Democrática del Congo. Si gana España, será un triunfo más para su proceso de internacionalización.

http://kioskoymas.abc.es/noticias/opinion/20140705/abcp-espana-proxima-alemania-20140705.html

Felipe VI, Spain’s new king: viva el Rey

Spain has a new king, following the abdication of King Juan Carlos earlier this month in favour of his son, Felipe VI. The move comes at a time when Spain is emerging from a long period of recession with an unemployment rate of 26%, a tarnished monarchy, a widely discredited political class, and a pro-independence movement in the region of Catalonia.
My post published by Oxford University Press
http://blog.oup.com/2014/06/felipe-vi-spains-new-king-viva-el-rey/#sthash.qkFjhu6c.dpuf

Five reasons why Spain has a stubbornly high unemployment rate of 26%

The Spanish economy roared along like a high-speed train for a decade until it slowed down dramatically in 2008. Only recently has it emerged from a five-year recession. But the jobless rate has tripled to 26% (four times the US level) and will not return to its pre-crisis level for up to a decade. Why is this?

(1) The economic model was excessively based on the shaky foundations of bricks and mortar.
Between 2000 and 2009, Spain accounted for around 30% of all new homes built in the European Union (EU), although its economy only generated around 10% of the EU’s total GDP. In one year alone (2006), the number of housing starts (762,214) was more than Germany, France, and Italy combined. After Spain joined the euro in 1999, interest rates were low, property was seen as a good investment in a country with very high home ownership (85%), and there was a high foreign demand for holiday and retirement homes due to the 60 million tourists who visited Spain annually.
When the property bubble burst, jobs were destroyed as quickly as they had been created. As construction is a labor intensive sector, its collapse reverberated through other areas of the economy. Between 2002 and 2007, the total number of jobholders, many of them on temporary contracts, rose by a massive 4.1 million, a much steeper rise than in any other EU country and more than three times higher than the number created in the preceding 16 years. Since 2008, more than 3 million jobs have been lost, around half of them in the construction and related sectors.

(2) Labor market laws were too rigid.
Spain has a dysfunctional labor market: even at the peak of the economic boom in 2007, the unemployment rate was 8%, a high rate by US standards. At the hiring end, Spain’s labor market laws were very flexible, largely as a result of widespread use and abuse of temporary contracts, but at the firing end, severance payments were higher than in comparable countries. This made employers reluctant to put workers on permanent contracts. The reforms approved in 2012 by the conservative government of the Popular Party, which returned to power at the end of 2011, lowered dismissal costs and gave companies the upper hand, depending on their financial health, in collective wage bargaining agreements between management and unions. The reforms have yet to have a discernible impact on job creation. They have, however, lowered the GDP growth threshold for net job creation from around 2% to 1.3%. The Spanish economy is expected to grow by more than 1% this year.

(3) The property sector caused a banking crisis and corruption to flourish.
The 45 regionally-based and unlisted savings banks, which accounted for around half Spain’s financial system, were closely connected to politicians and businessmen. Many of them made reckless loans to developers and were massively exposed to the property sector when it crashed. The reclassification of land for building purposes and the granting of building permits, in the hands of local authorities, created a breeding ground for corruption. Bad loans soared from 0.7% of total credit in 2007 to more than 13%. The European Stability Mechanism came to the rescue of some banks in 2012 with a €41 billion bail-out package in return for sweeping reforms. The number of savings banks has been reduced to seven, with high job losses. Spain exited the bail out in January.
Spain was ranked 40th out of 177 countries in the latest corruption perceptions ranking by the Berlin-based Transparency International, down seven places from the year before. Its score of 59 was six points lower than its previous score in 2012, in a numerical index where the cleanest countries are those closest to a score of 100. Spain lost more points than almost every other country, topped only by war-torn Syria.

(4) The education system is in crisis.
The education system is holding back the need to create a more sustainable economic model. One in every four people in Spain between the ages of 18 and 24 are early school leavers, double the EU average but down from a peak of one-third during the economic boom, when students dropped out of school at 16 and flocked in droves to work in the construction and related sectors. Almost one-quarter of 15-29 year-olds are not in education, training, or employment. Results in the OECD’s Pisa international tests in reading, mathematics, and scientific knowledge for 15-year-old students and for fourth-grade children in the TIMS and PIRLS tests are also poor. No Spanish university is among the world’s top 200 in the main academic rankings. Research, development and innovation spending, at 1.3% of GDP, is way below that of other developed economies. In these conditions, the creation of a more knowledge-based economy is something of a pipe dream, and the brightest young scientists and engineers are emigrating.
(5) Spain received more immigrants in a decade than any other European country.

Immigrants were lured to Spain when the economy began to expand rapidly. Their number soared from more than 900,000 in 1995 to 5.7 million in 2012, the largest increase in a European country in the shortest time. They were particularly needed in the construction and agricultural sectors, as there were not enough Spaniards prepared to work in them. At the peak of the boom in 2007, more than half of the 3.3 million non-EU immigrants in Spain worked in the construction sector. When the economy went into recession, immigrants bore a large part of the surge in the unemployment, as many of them were on temporary contracts and were the first to lose their jobs. The jobless rate among immigrants (37%) is much higher than that for Spaniards (24%). Immigrants only began to return to their countries in significant numbers in 2012 and Spain’s population declined by 500,000 in 2013, an unprecedented fall in the country’s modern histor
– See more at:
http://blog.oup.com/2014/05/five-reasons-why-spain-has-stubbornly-high-unemployment-rate-26/#sthash.cTAnxCiu.dpuf